Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations During Pregnancy or the Early Postpartum Period 正太 男同— Suzhou City正太 男同， Jiangsu Province， China， 2018–2023
Jinghui Sun1，2; Yuanyuan Zhang2; Suizan Zhou3; Ying Song3; Suping Zhang2; Jie Zhu4; Zhiyuan Zhu4; Rui Wang5; Hong Chen6; Liling Chen1，2#; Haibing Yang2; Jun Zhang7; Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner3; W. William Schluter3
1 School of Public Health， Nanjing Medical University， Nanjing，Jiangsu Province， China;
2 Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Suzhou City， Jiangsu Province， China;
3 Influenza Division， National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases， CDC， US;
4 Suzhou Health and Family Planning Statistics InformationCenter， Suzhou City， Jiangsu Province， China;
5 School of PublicHealth， Xuzhou Medical University， Xuzhou City， Jiangsu Province，China;
6 Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Beijing，China;
7 Suzhou No.5 People’s Hospital， Suzhou City， JiangsuProvince， China.
# Corresponding author: Liling Chen， liling_chen@163.com.
Pregnancy is associated with increased risk for severe illness and complications associated with influenza infection. Insufficient knowledge about the risk for influenza among pregnant women and their health care providers in China is an important barrier to increasing influenza vaccination coverage and treating influenza and its complications among pregnant women. Improved influenza incidence estimates might promote wider vaccine acceptance and higher vaccination coverage. In Suzhou， active population-based surveillance during October 2018–September 2023 estimated that the annual rate of hospitalization for acute respiratory or febrile illness (ARFI) among women who were pregnant or <2 weeks postpartum was 11.1 per 1，000 live births; the annual rate of laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated ARFI (influenza ARFI) hospitalization in this group was 2.1 per 1，000 live births. A majority of hospitalized pregnant or early postpartum patients with ARFI (82.6%; 2，588 of 3，133) or influenza ARFI (85.5%; 423 of 495) were admitted to obstetrics wards rather than respiratory medicine wards. Only one (0.03%) pregnant or postpartum ARFI patient had received influenza vaccination， and 31.3% of pregnant or postpartum women hospitalized for influenza ARFI received antiviral treatment; the lowest percentage of hospitalized women with influenza ARFI who received antiviral treatment was among women admitted to obstetrics and gynecology wards (29.6% and 23.1%， respectively)， compared with 54.1% of those admitted to a respiratory medicine ward. These findings highlight the risk for influenza and its associated complications among pregnant and postpartum women， the low rates of influenza vaccination among pregnant women， and of antiviral treatment of women with ARFI admitted to obstetrics and gynecology wards. Increasing awareness of the prevalence of influenza ARFI among pregnant women， the use of empiric antiviral treatment for ARFI， and the infection control in obstetrics wards during influenza seasons might help reduce influenza-associated morbidity among pregnant and postpartum women.
妊妇或产后早期妇女推行室确诊流感入院情况 — 江苏省苏州市，中国，2018–2023年
孙静慧1，2；张媛媛2；周穗赞3；宋英3; 张素萍2; 朱杰4; 朱志远4; 王睿5; 陈虹6; 陈立凌1，2#; 杨海兵2; 张钧7; Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner3; W. William Schluter3
1南京医科大学，全球卫生学院；
2苏州市疾病提神甩掉中心；
3 流感科，国度免疫和呼吸疾病中心，好意思国疾病提神甩掉中心，好意思国；
4苏州卫生信息中心；
5徐州医科大学， 全球卫生学院；
6中国疾病提神甩掉中心；
7苏州第五东谈主民病院。
# 通讯作家：陈立凌，liling_chen@163.com。
孕珠会增多流感感染筹商的重症和并发症的发生风险。国内妊妇过甚医疗保健提供者对流感风险了解不及是普及妊妇流感疫苗接种率和养息流感过甚并发症的短处阻止之一。更准确的流感风险忖度可能会普及流感疫苗禁受度和疫苗接种率。苏州2018 年 10 月至 2023 年 9 月时期基于全东谈主群的主动监测闭幕忖度，孕珠或产后2 周内的妇女（孕产妇）急性呼吸系统疾病或发烧性疾病 （ARFI） 入院率为每年11.1例/ 1，000 名活产婴儿；推行室确诊的流感筹商 ARFI （流感 ARFI） 入院率为每年2.1 例/ 1，000 名活产婴儿。大部分入院孕产妇ARFI患者（82.6%）或流感ARFI患者（85.5%）收治于产科病房。监测东谈主群中惟一 1 名 （0.03%） 孕产妇ARFI 患者禁受了流感疫苗接种，31.3% 因流感 ARFI 入院的孕产妇在入院前或入院时期禁受过殊效的抗病毒养息；禁受抗病毒养息比例最低的是收治于产科和妇科病房的孕产妇流感 ARFI患者（分别为 29.6% 和 23.1%），而呼吸内科病房收治的孕产妇流感 ARFI患者禁受抗病毒养息的比例为 54.1%。本磋谈判化了孕产妇流感筹商风险，凸显了孕产妇东谈主群流感疫苗接种率低、流感患者尤其是收治于妇产科病房患者抗病毒养息率也较低的问题。普及妊妇流感疫苗接种率，以及普及医疗机构尤其是产科医师对孕产妇流感风险的意识，对 孕产妇ARFI 患者进行教养性抗病毒养息，加强产科病房流感感染甩掉，可能有助于缩短流感对孕产妇的健康影响。
For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.231
Social Network Analysis of a Norovirus Outbreak at a Primary School — Zhuhai City， Guangdong Province， China， 2023
Xiling Yin1， Songjian Xiao1， Xuebao Zhang1， Feng Ruan1#
1 Department of Health Emergency Management， Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Zhuhai City， Zhuhai City， Guangdong Province， China.
# Corresponding author: Feng Ruan， jkzxrf@zhuhai.gov.cn.
To analyze the social network spread patterns of a norovirus outbreak in a school and identify key nodes (cases) to provide a theoretical basis for targeted control strategies. A 63 × 63 transmission relationship matrix between each node was established. Based on the lifecycle of the epidemic， from the initial outbreak through its spread and eventual decline， UCINET (6.528) was used to perform network analysis and calculate characteristic parameters. NetLogo (6.1.1) was used to model and simulate the effects of intervention measures during different epidemic periods. The network density of the norovirus outbreak gradually changed from dense (0.871) to loose (0.099) during the lifecycle of the epidemic. The indicators point to 12 key nodes that were identified during the spread and recession periods. By controlling 10 key nodes (eliminating the factors of mixed class hosting at school) during the spread periods， the step length of the curve (819) was significantly reduced. When the 2 key nodes (controlling the spread of vomiting) were eliminated during the recession period， the curve showed that the step length (680) was further reduced. Infected students exhibit priority connection characteristics in different developmental periods in the network topology. Identifying and deliberately targeting key nodes could destroy network connectivity and help reduce the spread of the outbreak.
基于沿途学校诺如病毒感染暴发疫情的社汇注积分析 — 广东省珠海市，中国，2023年
尹锡玲1；萧松建1；张雪宝1；阮峰1#
1广东省珠海市疾病提神甩掉中心，珠海市，广东省，中国。
# 通讯作家：阮峰，jkzxrf@zhuhai.gov.cn。
分析学校诺如病毒感染暴发疫情的社汇注积传播形态，识别枢纽节点（病例），为取舍有针对性的甩掉计谋提供表面依据。诞生了63×63病例的传输联系矩阵，以暴发、扩散及下跌三个疫情发展阶段为基础，给与UCINET（6.528）分析社汇注积拓扑结构，并野心特征参数。给与NetLogo（6.1.1）对不同疫情发展阶段干豫表率的服从进行建模和模拟。诺如病毒暴发疫情的不同发展阶段显现其社汇注积密度逐渐从密集（0.871）转动为松散（0.099）。社汇注积参数谋划识别出在扩散和下跌阶段共有12个枢纽节点。通过甩掉疫情扩散时期的10个枢纽节点（排斥学校混班托管的身分），弧线的步长（819）权贵减少。在疫情下跌时期甩掉2个枢纽节点（减少吐逆物引起的感染扩散），弧线显现步长（680）进一步减少。诺如病毒感染病例在积存拓扑结构的不同发展阶段推崇出优先诱骗特征。识别并对枢纽节点取舍针对性甩掉表率不错龙套采聚合合，有助于减少疫情的传播范畴。
For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.232.
Emergence of a New Sublineage of Candida auris Causing Nosocomial Transmissions — Beijing Municipality， China， March-September 2023
Zhenjia Liu1*; Xinfei Chen2*; Rongchen Dai3*; Yu Bai1; Feiyi Liu2，3; Yiying Zhao2，3; Xuesong Shang2，3; Chunxia Yang1; Xin Fan1，2#
1. Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology， Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital， Capital Medical University， Beijing， China;
2. Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases， Peking Union Medical College Hospital， Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences， Beijing， China;
3. Department of Laboratory Medicine， State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases， Peking Union Medical College Hospital， Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences， Beijing， China.
* Joint first authors.
# Corresponding author: Xin Fan， fanxin12356@163.com.
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen classified as a global public health threat with notable mortality and nosocomial transmission capacity. In China， the first C. auris case was reported from Beijing in 2018. However， large cases of nosocomial transmission have rarely been identified in this municipality. During March–September 2023， C. auris was isolated from 17 patients admitted to CY Hospital in Beijing. All strains were resistant to fluconazole and amphotericin B. In addition， three isolates were resistant to echinocandins. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis revealed that all strains found in this hospital belonged to C. auris Clade I. These strains were genetically closely related to the C. auris strains reported in two other hospitals in Beijing since 2021， forming a new sublineage different from the Clade I strains causing previous outbreaks in the Eastern Provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The dissemination of C. auris has become an increasing threat to healthcare facilities in China. The WGS analysis indicates the spread of a unique sublineage of C. auris Clade I isolates in Beijing. Further， enhanced surveillance and hospital infection control of C. auris are warranted to resolve the public health challenge.
耳念珠菌新的亚支系引起医疗机构内传播 — 中国北京直辖市，2004–2022年
刘振嘉1&; 陈新飞2&; 戴榕辰3&; 白羽1; 刘菲怡3; 赵逸滢2; 尚雪松2; 杨春霞1; 范欣1#
1. 感染和临床微生物科，齐门医科大学从属北京向阳病院-北京市呼吸疾病推敲所，北京，中国；
2. 疑难重症及冷漠病寰宇要点推行室，中国医学科学院北京协和病院锻练科，北京，中国；
3. 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院推敲生院，北京，中国。
* 共同第一作家
# 通讯作家：范欣， fanxin12356@163.com。
耳念珠菌（Candida auris）是一种新发的多药耐药真菌病原体，具有高致死率和院内传播智商，已被列为全球短处全球卫生恫吓。我国2018年头次在北京发现了耳念珠菌病例。然则迄今为止，该市相当大限制耳念珠菌院内传播的答复。在2023年3月至9月时期，北京向阳病院在入院患者中发现了17例耳念珠菌阳性病例。扫数耳念珠菌分离株均对氟康唑和两性霉素B耐药。此外，有3株分离株对棘白菌素类药物耐药。全基因组测序分析显现，该机构的扫数菌株均属于耳念珠菌 Clade I分支。扫数菌株均与自2021年以来在北京其他医疗机构均分离的耳念珠菌在系统发生学上密切筹商，并酿成了与既往在中国东部及香港地区引起流行传播的Clade I耳念珠菌不同的亚支系。耳念珠菌传播已成为我国医疗机构濒临的严重恫吓。全基因组分析标明，北京地区出现了一个独到的耳念珠菌Clade I亚支系的传播。筹商机构亟需加强对耳念珠菌的监测和病院感染甩掉，以搪塞这一全球卫生挑战。
For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.233.
Application of an Integrated Risk Matrix and the Borda Count Method on Lassa Fever in Assessing the Importation Risk of EID — 9 African Countries， 1996–2023
Weijing Shang1; Yu Wu1; Jue Liu1; Wannian Liang2; Min Liu1#
1 School of Public Health， Peking University， Beijing， China;
2 Vanke School of Public Health， Tsinghua University， Beijing， China.
# Corresponding author: Min Liu， liumin@bjmu.edu.cn.
Common methods for assessing and responding to outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are usually applied in isolation and have limitations. This study aimed to integrate the risk matrix and Borda count methods to assess the importation risk of EIDs to China， using Lassa fever (LF) as an example. This study used a mixed-methods approach combining multi-source data with an integrated risk matrix and Borda count method. Data were obtained from the World Health Organization， the Concise Statistics of International Students dataset， the United Nations World Tourism Organization， and the Statistical Yearbook. Importation risk was assessed across two dimensions: possibility and severity. Total importation risk was then categorized into 4 levels (low， moderate， high， and extremely high)， corresponding to green， yellow， orange， and red zones， respectively， in the risk matrix assessment index. The Borda count method was used to rank the risks. The importation risk for 9 countries that experienced LF outbreaks from 1996 to 2023 was scored and ranked by importation possibility and severity to derive overall importation risks. This study determined that Nigeria posed the highest LF importation risk to China， ranking first among West African countries with the highest Borda points. Countries with moderate importation risk included Sierra Leone， Burkina Faso， and Ghana. An integrated risk matrix and Borda count method presented in this study may serve as a significant supplement to other risk assessment methods and enrich the current toolbox of public health countermeasures and inform future risk management of the importation of EIDs.
诈欺风险矩阵和Borda序值法分析拉沙热以评估新发传染病的输入风险 — 9个非洲国度，1996–2023年
商伟静1；吴俣1；刘珏1；梁万年2；刘民1#
1 北京大学全球卫生学院，北京，中国；
2 清华大学万科全球卫生与健康学院，北京，中国。
# 通讯作家：刘民，liumin@bjmu.edu.cn。
新突发传染病（emerging infectious diseases， EIDs）风险评估的常用设施时常单独使用且存在一定的局限性。本推敲旨在调处诈欺风险矩阵和Borda序值法评估EIDs对中国的输入风险，具体以拉沙热（LF）为例。 本推敲给与多源数据，调处风险矩阵和Borda序值法对EIDs输入中国的风险进行评估。推敲使用的数据主要来自世界卫生组织、《简明留学生统计》数据集、调处国世界旅游组织和《统计年鉴》。输入风险从可能性和严重性两个维度进行评估；总的输入风险分歧为4个品级：低、中、高和极高，分别对应风险矩阵评估指数中的绿色、黄色、橙色和红色区域。给与Borda序值法对风险大小排序。对1996-2023年9个国度的LF疫情输入中国的可能性和严重性风险进行了评估和排序，最终得出了总的输入风险。本推敲显现，尼日利亚LF疫情输入中国的风险最高，Borda数值最高，排在西非国度中第1位。输入风险为中等的国度为塞拉利昂、布基纳法索和加纳。本推敲建议的风险矩阵和Borda序值法的调处使用可行为面前EIDs风险评估设施的短处补充，丰富现存的全球卫生对策，并为今后EIDs的输入风险措置提供参考。
For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.234
Retrospective Analysis of the Epidemiological Evolution of Brucellosis in Animals — China， 1951–1989 and 1996–2021
Zhiguo Liu1， Miao Wang2， Yingqi Wang3， Min yuan1， Zhenjun Li1，4#
1 National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases， National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention， Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Beijing， China.
2 Ulanqab Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Jining City， Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， China.
3 Tongliao Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Horqin City， Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， China.
4 Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention， Beijing， China.
fc2 萝莉# Corresponding author: Zhenjun Li， lizhenjun@icdc.cn.
Brucellosis poses a significant threat to public health in China. This study utilized a range of epidemiological indices， including seroprevalence and the number of reported cases， to illustrate the epidemic profile of the disease. Although the seroprevalence of brucellosis in animals (including sheep， goats， cattle， and swine) steadily decreased from a severe epidemic level in the 1950s to a low endemic level by 1989， the disease reemerged in 2000. Subsequently， there has been a persistent increase in the frequency of outbreaks and the number of reported cases from 2006 to 2021， with over 98% of reported cases occurring in sheep and cattle. During this period， the culling rate declined， while infection rates increased， nearly reversing their respective trajectories. The decrease in the culling rate of positive animals coincided with an increase in infection rates， indicating that infection among these animals was persistent and circulating. In the southern regions of China， 6.34% (34，070 of 537，797) of cases were reported between 2006 and 2021， whereas in the northern regions， 93.67% (503，727 of 537，797) of cases occurred during the same timeframe. Each time cases increased in the south， they lagged 2 to 5 years behind those in the north， suggesting that stringent control measures for sheep and cattle in the north should be prioritized. These findings provide critical insights into developing control strategies to mitigate the spread of the disease.
动物布鲁氏菌病流行病学演化特征回来性分析 — 中国，1951–1989和1996–2021年
刘志国1，王妙2，王瑛琦3，袁敏1，李振军1，4
1传染病预警溯源与智能有谋划寰宇要点推行室，中国疾病提神甩掉中心传染病提神甩掉所，北京，中国；
2 乌兰察布市疾病提神甩掉中心，集宁市，内蒙古自治区，中国
3 通辽市疾病提神甩掉中心，科尔沁市，内蒙古自治区，中国
4 中国疾病提神甩掉中心，北京，中国。
# 通讯作家：李振军，lizhenjun@icdc.cn。
布鲁氏菌病（布病）已对中国公众健康组成短处恫吓。本推敲给与系列流行病学谋划包括血清流行率和答复病例数等汇报该疾病的流行演化特征。尽管动物（包括绵羊、山羊、牛和猪）布病的血清流行率从20世纪50年代的严重流行水寂静步下跌到1989年的低流行水平，但该疾病于2000年再次复燃。随后，从2006年到2021年疫情暴发频率和答复病例数执续增多，98%以上的答复病例来自绵羊和牛。在此时期，动物扑杀率下跌，违抗感染率则高潮，两者果然呈现违抗的演化趋势。阳性动物扑杀率的下跌与感染率的高潮相吻合，标明动物间布病感染执续存在和轮回传播。2006年至2021年间， 6.34%（34，070/537，797）的病例答复在南边地区，93.67%（503，727/537，797）的病例发生在朔方地区。南边地区每次病例增多总逾期于朔方地区2-5年，标明遑急需要对朔方的绵羊和牛取舍严格的监测、防控表率。本推敲为制定和奉行有针对性的防控计谋以抵制布病传播提供了科学的依据和视力。
For more information: https://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/doi/10.46234/ccdcw2024.235正太 男同